Business Ethics Dealing with Poverty and Pollution in the Environment Research Paper

Business Ethics Dealing with Poverty and Pollution in the Environment - Research Paper Example Underdeveloped nations, because of neediness and absence of assets, can't put resources into natural agreeable innovations and devise ecological guidelines. This permits enterprises to dirty in the underdeveloped nations with no issue. In this paper we will talk about the natural contamination with the reference of organizations and underdeveloped nations. We will watch the reasons why organizations overlook contamination related guidelines in the creating scene. Different parts of natural contamination will likewise be talked about regarding the instance of ‘Poverty and Pollution’. Moral Implications of Businesses Polluting in the Third World The moral ramifications of organizations contamination in an underdeveloped nation are huge. Natural contamination influences the entire populace of the area and accordingly it can't be morally supported. There is no uncertainty that ecologically dirtied innovation is less expensive and hence third nations use it so as to stay seri ous in the worldwide market. Be that as it may, the monetary contention for ecological contamination in the underdeveloped nation isn't defended on the grounds that contamination influences an extraordinary number of contamination and not all individuals can get the financial advantages of organizations working in their district. This is one of the moral ramifications of organizations contaminating in the third world. Another moral ramifications of organizations contaminating in the creating scene is that it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to esteem human life. Ecological contamination brought about by firms in the underdeveloped nations make a wide range of medical issues for its occupants and subsequently diminishes human future in the area. This isn't morally defended in light of the fact that individuals living in the locale don't have any decision to move to another territory as they are incredibly poor. This is really misuse of people which can never be morally le gitimized. It is in this way demonstrated in actuality that natural contamination isn't morally defended. Reasons why a Business Ignore Pollution Control Standards Businesses disregard contamination control guidelines in the third world since it drives down their creation cost. Interest in required to diminish contamination for instance so as to dump modern waste in a suitable way critical speculation is required. This drives the creation cost up which harms the benefits of the firm working in the underdeveloped nations. They are in the nation as a result of the guarantee of lower creation cost and this is the reason they overlook contamination control measures. Associations are benefit making elements and in this manner they do anything in their capacity to decrease their cost and augment benefits. Absence of will is another motivation behind why organizations disregard contamination control guidelines. Laws are not exacting in the underdeveloped nations and organizations hence fee l that they are not committed to tail them. This is the principle motivation behind why firms don’t feel constrained to roll out an improvement and adhere to the contamination control gauges. The organizations are not ready to change their practices and this is the reason they come up short on the will to submit to the contamination control guidelines set by underdeveloped nations. Is Pollution the Price of Progress? It is contended some of the time that contamination is the cost of progress. It is said that for creating nations to financially create they require serious edge over other created nations

Economic Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Monetary Terrorism Essay This alludes to the demonstration by any gathering of individuals or state to pulverize a general public for military, social, political and strict purposes. This is accomplished for the sole and illicit motivation behind making confusion and breakdown of the objective (Small Wars diary. July 2005). Financial fear mongering dependent on natural issue, can be seen as illicit moves that can be made against people, enterprises or expresses that are blamed for subverting appropriate condition of a given society in cognizant quest for benefit . The fundamental motivation behind such activities is straightforwardly focused on the insurance and safeguarding of the earth to forestall further natural corruption. Natural corruption has been expanding, coming about to potential emergencies that need aggregate activity combined with the inspiration to benefit the world network. The difficulties that have prompted the emergencies incorporate; a dangerous atmospheric devation, harmed ozone layer, water sullying, atomic weapon expansion and expanded pay disparities inside and among countries. Financial psychological oppression however unlawful can be supported in a few different ways. There is an old style guideline suggesting that, when markets are working appropriately, there are clumsy activities of self-intrigued gatherings or operators. This subsequently result to a proficient result, where the individuals who acquire tremendous benefits do as such by causing others to lose seriously . In conditions where enormous organizations either exclusive or state-claimed are associated with contaminating the earth (for example through emanations, synthetic discharged into the water bodies) during the time spent upgrading their creation, the social orders that live around the debased condition are the incredible washouts. Illicit activities against such organizations diminish productive result. The organizations can't profit gigantically while the general public loses through natural debasement. Monetary fear mongering forestalls â€Å"unhealthy† improvement. Numerous countries put forth attempts to turn out to be progressively evolved, with an end goal to improve the expectations for everyday comforts of its kin or residents. Sadly, this may result to decreased expectations for everyday comforts when the natural outcomes of this improvement exceed the financial additions. Where legitimate channels of tending to this issue may come up short, illicit activities might be the best choice. Psychological warfare might be viewed as a successful method of forestalling natural corruption in nations where alternatives are increasingly restricted for improving ecological quality. Extending populaces request monetary development to help them. This may constrain such nations to embrace advancement exercises that seriously influence the earth. Restricted choices to forestall this kind of advancement in such conditions may result to financial fear mongering against the nation. Expansion of atomic weapons may give specific countries a suspicion that all is well and good and independence to seek after their own advantages in any event, when these interests influence the world network. This makes the nations so unbending, with the end goal that they can't follow the set worldwide rules to control condition exhaustion as required. Some may along these lines see monetary psychological oppression against such countries as the main answer for prevent them from further natural destruction. As a rule, natural debasement influences the feeble in a general public. The individuals who are not well prepared to take lawful activities against the state for causing debasement, are normally persuaded that they can at present do likewise through psychological warfare For example, fear mongering all the more regularly gives a preferred position to the frail, particularly when they are standing up to the express The bit of leeway is because of the terrorists’ utilization of mystery and insignificant assets required for the assault. The market for the created items is essential to the development of any organization. Absence of market for the items will mean immense misfortunes for the maker. Where the maker neglects to follow a natural code, as required, legitimate activity ought to be attempted against them. In some cases, this may fizzle. Natural activists may have no other choice other than disrupting the market of the merchandise . For instance, a dissident minority bunch came about to assaulting anything and everybody related with the whole creation and dissemination of Salmon fish that was found to have potential risky degrees of malignancy causing PCBs in the fish. Customers were likewise focused on, which influenced the market of the fish unfavorably (Key. W. 2004). Psychological oppressor activities cause extraordinary expenses for the businesses that cause contamination or natural corruption, contrasted with the costs they would acquire if legitimate moves were made against them. Aftereffect of illicit activities on their property will be paid attention to very, thus they will be more obliged to check contamination to keep future misfortunes from such activities. Businesses, organizations or processing plants work productively to secure against exercises that may risk their benefits. Harm to property or items through fear based oppression are unsatisfactory to them. Legitimate activities that might be embraced against them might be neutralized without any problem. Ecological activists are mindful of this chance. It will be simple for them to embrace an activity that is hard for the organization to secure against-and that is monetary psychological warfare. Financial psychological oppression appreciates more consideration when contrasted with legitimate channels. â€Å"When a fear based oppressor assault in one nation includes casualties, targets, establishments, governments, or residents in another nation psychological oppression expect a transnational character†(Sandler, T. 1997). It implies an answer is probably going to be looked for, which will progress in the direction of checking further ecological exhaustion. At long last, the dread of the created nations that natural debasement in the more unfortunate nations may overflow to them may support exchange war. This is whereby, these countries may force perpetually prohibitive exchange rehearses on the creating nations. This might be taken a gander at as monetary psychological oppression. Created countries may dismiss products from creating countries that energize natural debasement, influencing the economy of that specific country. References Key. W. (2004). Washington Fish Growers Association. The Farmed Salmon Debate. Gotten to on 2008-04-14 from; http://www. growfish. com. au/content. asp? contentid=1263 Sandler, T. 1997. Worldwide Challenges; An Approach to Environmental, and Economic issues. Books. google. com Small Wars diary. July 2005,volume of the SWJ magazine. Gotten to on 2008-04-14 from; www. smallwarsjournal. com

How Long It Takes for Antidepressants to Work

How Long It Takes for Antidepressants to Work Panic Disorder Treatment Print How Long Does It Take for Antidepressants to Work? By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 27, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 27, 2019 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Joe Raedle / Getty Images If you have been prescribed an antidepressant medication to help reduce the symptoms of depression and anxiety, you may be wondering how long it will take for the antidepressant to work. Read ahead to learn more about antidepressants, including how long they may take to work. What Are Antidepressants? As you can tell by the name, antidepressants are used to treat the symptoms of depression. This class of medication has also been found to effectively reduce the symptoms of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and agoraphobia.  Additionally, antidepressants  have become the generally used medications to treat  panic disorder.?? There are different types or classes of antidepressants that impact chemical messengers in the brain. Known as neurotransmitters, these messengers are responsible for a variety of bodily functions and feelings, including sleep and mood regulation, anxiety levels, and motivation. Common classes of antidepressants used to treat anxiety-related disorders include:?? Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)  Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) How Long Antidepressants Take to Be Effective Studies have shown that antidepressants are effective in reducing or eliminating panic attacks and improving anticipatory anxiety and symptoms of agoraphobia. Unfortunately, antidepressants generally don’t result in immediate relief of symptoms. Many people will not see a significant improvement for several weeks.?? Studies have generally shown that the full benefits of antidepressant therapy may take as long as 8 to 12 weeks. However, this timeline is variable among individuals. What to Expect When Taking Antidepressants Some people may experience increased nervousness or anxiety at the beginning of antidepressant therapy. To reduce this possibility, your doctor may start you at a very low dose that is gradually increased. Some of the most common side effects of taking antidepressants include:?? Sleep disturbancesHeadachesFatigueDizzinessLightheadednessDry mouthNervousnessIncreased sweatingSexual side effectsBlurred visionNausea This list is only some of the side effects you can face while taking an antidepressant. You may experience one or more of these side effects, or you may not have to deal with any of them. These side effects typically subside and become much more manageable over time. If side effects are persistent and become difficult to manage, you can always consult your doctor about the possibility of changing the dosage or medication to better fit your needs.?? Your doctor may also prescribe a benzodiazepine (anti-anxiety medication) along with your antidepressant, especially in the beginning of treatment. Benzodiazepines provide quick relief, allowing for a faster sense of symptom alleviation. However, these medications have the potential for dependence and abuse. To reduce this risk, your doctor may take you off the benzodiazepine once the antidepressant reaches its full benefit.?? If you and your doctor believe that you have had an adequate trial of antidepressant therapy without significant improvement of symptoms, a medication change may be made. For the vast majority of panic disorder sufferers, the right medication will be found to improve or eliminate panic symptoms.

The Ku Klux Kl The Dawning Of American Terrorism - 1764 Words

History of the Ku Klux Klan: The Begining of American Terrorism The Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1866 by a group of former Confederate veterans in Pulaski, Tennesse. The first two words in the groups name supposedly derived from the Greek word kyklos which translates to circle. There first leader (known in the Klan as grand wizard)Nathan Bedford Forrest was a former Confederate general. The group worked to establish what they called the Invisible Empire of the South Over the course of four short years had spread to almost every southern state. It was viewed primarily by white s in the south as there resistance to the Republican Party s Reconstruction policies that worked toward equality for blacks. The Ku Klux Klan (referred to†¦show more content†¦It is impossible to untangle local vigilante violence from political terrorism by the organized Klan, but it is clear that attacks on blacks became standard during 1868. Freedmen s Bureau agents reported 336 cases of murder or assault with intent to kill on freedmen across the state from Janua ry 1 through November 15 of 1868. The political terrorism was active. While Republican candidate Rufus Bullock carried the state in April 1868 elections, by November Democratic presidential candidate Horatio Seymour was in the lead. In some counties, the contrast was even more drastic. In John Reed s Oglethorpe County, 1,144 people had voted Republican in April, while only 116 voted Republican in the November election when Reed s armed Klansmen surrounded the polls. In Columbia County, armed Klansmen not only intimidated voters but even cowed federal troops guarding the polling place. The conclusion was while 1,222 votes had been cast in Columbia County for Republican governor Rufus Bullock in April, only one vote was cast for Republican presidential candidate Ulysses Grant in November 1868. Similar political terrorism and control of the polling places help account for Georgia s rapid return to conservative white Democratic control by late 1871. Klansmen like violence were also used to control freed black s social behavior, but with less success. Black churches and schools were burned, teachers were attacked, and freed blacks who refused to show

Gender Inequality Of The United States - 1363 Words

â€Å"You won’t get paid. As a woman and of color, you’re going to be underpaid, so there’s really no point,† Daniel recalled (â€Å"Career and Workplace† 4). A future law graduate was told to throw away her dreams in regards to gender inequality. A girl named Reshma Daniel had to give up what she loved most because of a situation regarding both her race and gender. Reshma Daniel’s parents moved to America from India with just a couple dollars. Her parents wanted their children to live the American life. For Daniel, that simply meant law school. While at Nova in Southeastern University in Florida, she majored in legal studies and job shadowed a family lawyer. After a pretrial hearing had taken place, another lawyer, a Vietnamese woman, told Daniel†¦show more content†¦It does no one any good, so why is it continuing to happen? All it does is harm. â€Å"If people in the world forever choose to live by â€Å"guidelines† of gen der inequality, then the line that separates men and women will forever be thick† (Kimble 1). Throughout history, women have faced intense discrimination. Discrimination is the unfair or detrimental treatment of different groups of people or things, especially on the ground levels of race, age, or sex. Women have faced intense discrimination from a shortage of legal rights and very little freedom from their husbands, to being thought to have minor brains. In many societies, women have forever been viewed as less than fully human (â€Å"News Wise† 1). On one hand, there has been great progress toward equality. At the same time, extensive and noticeable holes remain. These holes that still exist are not only in terms of economic inequality and continuing intolerance and harassment in the workplace, but in everyday conversations and actions (â€Å"Divided America† 6). While significant achievements for women s rights have been made, women continue to fight for equal ity today. They do not give up, they give it their all. Giving up would do no good. In 2015, women made seventy-eight cents for every dollar earned by a man (â€Å"White House† 6). â€Å"By 2018, there will be 1.4 million open technology jobs in the United States, and at the current rate of studentsShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality : The United States939 Words   |  4 PagesGender inequality has been an issue in the United States of America since the very founding of the country. Many believe that the sexes are equal in the United States of today because nearly a hundred years ago women gained the right to vote but this was not the only hurdle we needed to surmount. Gender inequality is alive and thriving even today, and although this is definitely not the only issue American women face today, it can be seen in something called the wage gap. It is commonly known thatRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States1531 Words   |  7 Pageswe can see there is a trend implicates that the gender roles are slowly starting to change but the gender stereotype still have stayed firmly over the years in North America even though people are now more aware of the problem of gender inequality. In North America, gender roles between women and men are now being shared more equally in workspace due to the feminism movements and higher literacy level of women, but there are still gender inequality existing in our society. Feminism movements haveRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States1701 Words   |  7 PagesGender has had a repeating effect on the choice of careers for people all throughout the United States. In history, it is taught that males dominated women in many careers, while women dominated males in only a few other minor positions. Males had an upper hand over women in engineering and in the military. One of the reasons males dominated was the idea of dominance over women has been passed down for centuries. It was never common for a women to be an engineer of a home or anything that wasn’tRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States1879 Words   |  8 Pagesand colonization has evolved, gender in the United States has been constructed in a manner that is unknown in other countries. Our society has made different stereotypes for certain sexes. It is socially impossible to not make a collation between sex and gender in the United States. Women are viewed the same in the professional world and in the home life perspective. All roles played by women are considered to be inadequate or insignificant compared to men. Gender characteristics, such as masculinityRead MoreGender Inequality During The United States1971 Words   |  8 PagesCorona 1 Yailin Corona Honors English 11-4 Junior Research Paper 3 March 2016 Gender Inequality in the U.S. For years, women have been viewed as weak, indecisive, and subjective. Women have become more empowered since their suffrage and earning their rights. Although, they have their rights, women are not equal to men in today’s society because of unequal pay and discrimination. The pay between the two gender in recent college graduates and stabilized jobs opt towards males. Women are discriminatedRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States2702 Words   |  11 PagesGender Inequality In the United States there are many human equal rights for women but they are insufficient to create equality. Despite of many equality rules gender inequality still exists and that’s the fact. In history women were not allowed to study or work. In modern world women are achieving education goals and also working. Does that mean women are getting equal treatments? The answer is no, women are not treated as equally as men. The graduation rates for women are higher then men, butRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States1686 Words   |  7 PagesThere have been many advances in society, especially for women despite these advancements, there continues to be inequalities in sexual â€Å"equality† .Why does a wage difference exists between men and women? Are employers being sexist? Sexism has been a problem since the beginning of mankind. Women have struggled to achieve equality with men. The male dominated culture has led the female gender to become the â€Å"wea ker sex†. This discrimination, of course, based on the stereotype that women should be stayRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States1410 Words   |  6 PagesEquality Among Gender Both within and across different cultures we find great consistency in standards of desirable gender-role behavior. Males are expected to be independent, assertive, and competitive; females are expected to be more passive, sensitive, and supportive. These beliefs have changed over the past twenty years within the United States and apparently around the world as well. Therefore, modern society has been trying for the past decade to eliminate all of these stereotypes and doubleRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States Of The English Department Of Ku.881 Words   |  4 PagesIn today s society we have gender inequality without us even knowing we are doing it, because it is how we are all raised. From when a lot of us were younger we have seen everyone else â€Å" doing gender† so we have picked up on it.By doing gender we create different levels that men and women are put on. These levels are not natural they are man made. The culture we are raised in assigns and crea tes for us the different attributes and behaviors. Since we are aware of the expectations that are held overRead MoreGender Inequality : A Good Understanding Of The Social Inequality Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesAs a female college student I feel the necessity to have a good understanding of the social inequalities around me. Although, women have socially grown with more power over the years, it is not enough to equalize with the men. For example, the pay gap difference between men and women for not having the â€Å"testosterone bonus† even though the same education and qualifications are present. I hope that over time I will be able to experience a change and have the same equal rights as men because I feel

What Makes an Effective Leader Free Essays

The sum of those qualities of Intellect, human understanding, and moral character that allow a person to Inspire and control a group of people successfully. Leadership can generally entail a lot of different aspects, however the most influential leaders I have had in my life had been people that inspire me to be better than I am. I feel as though the majority of people today have a misconstrued definition of leadership because they usually associate leading with commands and authority. We will write a custom essay sample on What Makes an Effective Leader or any similar topic only for you Order Now While those traits do have a lot to do with leading, they should be receded by traits such as dependability, Integrity, and loyalty. If you look at the most successful leaders throughout history, you rarely find people that were followed because they were given a position of authority. You look at people like Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. , and Abe Lincoln not because people had to follow them, but because people wanted to follow them. They were people with outstanding character. One of my most memorable moments at boot camp was when one of my Drill Instructors got on to one of the squad leaders for calling another recruit derogatory names. Our Drill Instructor told us that people will never follow you because they have have to. They will follow you because they want to, and that is what leadership means to me. The most effective form of leadership to me is not asserting dominance, but rather leading by example. I follow the man conducts himself in the manner that I wish I could. When I see someone who does everything they are supposed to, do it in the most ethical and effective manner, and go above and beyond I usually always look up to them. I as a Marine feel that It Is my Job to be the best. I don’t expect people to espect me just because I am a Marine, I expect people to respect me because I conduct myself in such a manner that I earn their respect. That to me is leading by example. Nobody should have to explain to me the correct way to conduct myself as a human being or Marine, because those things dont require any exceptional intelligence, they require a dedication to doing what you know Is the right thing to do. It can be even the smallest things such as having a fresh haircut and a clean shave. How can you respect or want to follow a Marine that can’t handle the everyday things? I do my best to lead by example is every fashion that I can. I try to be the best at everything I do. In summation leadership is not dependent upon if people do what you say, rather it is dependent upon if people want to do what you say. The best way to have people want to follow you is to lead by example. In order to set the example you have to be dedicated and motivated In everything that you do. That Is leadership and leading by example to me. What Makes an Effective Leader By tuckCman Leadership: The sum of those qualities of intellect, human understanding, and oral character that allow a person to inspire and control a group of people preceded by traits such as dependability, integrity, and loyalty. If you look at the most to them. I as a Marine feel that it is my Job to be the best. I don’t expect people to respect me Just because I am a Marine, I expect people to respect me because I human being or Marine, because those things don’t require any exceptional intelligence, they require a dedication to doing what you know is the right thing to do. dedicated and motivated in everything that you do. How to cite What Makes an Effective Leader, Papers

Soaring Forever free essay sample

Freedom. I gently drape my wings around my head, eager to fly. The golden leaves danced with the wind as the fresh summer breeze kissed my cheeks. My scarf flew in the direction of the wind as I pulled it around my head and hastily reached down into my jeans pocket for a safety pin. Secured in my other hand was a wounded bird, surrounded by comforting paper towels to ease its pain. The pride I felt when I held the bird vanished as I noticed the pain in its eyes. It was the look of betrayal and bewilderment, as it surrendered itself into my anxious hands. Birds are born to sing the colors of freedom and fly above corruption. She can make it . . . she can make it. Releasing the control of my comforting grasp, I motioned the bird to fly. Though apprehensive, her eyes expressed fortitude. She struggled herself to stand and pushed her wings against the forceful breeze. We will write a custom essay sample on Soaring Forever or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . . I hear the harsh whispers as I walk nervously down the school hallway—my first day wearing hijab. . . . and it flew. Never before had I noticed the majestic movements of the wings of a bird as it gracefully draped itself above the grass, dancing with the wind—free in unison. By simply moving my hand to free the bird, I also freed my heart towards maturity and wisdom. I keep on reciting the Quranic verse: Fainna Ma’al ‘Usri Yusra. â€Å"Surely, with every hardship there is ease.† The hateful gaze, a friend betrayed, eyes sting with tears. The tranquility in my heart remains. Then she stopped. Her frantic wings persevered, but her body was too weak to carry on. She descended like a lonesome snowflake bidding the sky farewell—disillusioned by the kindness of the wind. The bird dropped, as did my heart, as did my hopes. I picked her up into my hands and let her breathe. Her soft painful chirps once used to sing joyful melodies, but now she struggles to express a note. I brushed her gently with my finger. Taking a deep breath, I enter my classroom. The silent insults dart towards me, and my heart takes in each one of the arrows and lets my mind and emotions feel the pain. The last heartbeat struggles through as the delicate wings close perpetually, tucked beside the muffled chest of the bird. My tears’ rhythmic movements resemble the bleeding wells of a sudden wound, erupting without thought, without wisdom, without control. Fighting back the anxious tears, I dissolve the negative stares by simply smiling, expressing my confidence. Suddenly, a light shattered the darkness of confusion and judgment around me. Her eyes were facing the sky when she died, symbolizing her undying perseverance and optimism. The wings that soared above the spirit of the sky, the wings that raced the wintry winds to protection, the wings that flew with freedom are now motionless. But her soul is liberated and will always be. She will fly forever and sing with passion. Forever. â€Å"You are God’s soldier, Mariam,† said my mom as she wiped away my sensitive tears, â€Å"Stay strong.† I will sing my melody. I will not be afraid. The bird is perched in my heart with expanded wings, making my heart fly towards my dreams. Every day the mirror reflects my tranquility as I wrap my hijab as it drapes over my shoulders like wings of undying confidence. And I will expand my wings and soar to my passionate desires, even though the thorns of stereotype prick my wings as I journey. The wings of freedom will never tire; they will kindle the spirit of dignity and hope. Forever.

Psychology1 essays

Psychology1 essays Question 1: Psychology as a science has developed over a long period of time, literally centuries. During this period of time , man individuals have had an impact on the development of Psychology as a science. Select three individuals, describe in detail the contributions of the individuals, and discuss the significance of the person to the development of Psychology as a science. In this paper I am going to talk about three different individuals , and describe their contributions to Psychology. I am also going to talk about how there contributions had a significant effect on Psychology as a science. These three people are the three that I consider the most important people of Psychology. Psychology is an interesting science in which we need people to help explain why things are the way they are. Many people make an attempt to explore this science , but it takes dedication to actually get something One of the three people I consider a big impact on Psychology is Wilhelm Wundt. Known as the founder of psychology as a formal academic discipline. Wundt founded the school of Structuralism. This concept evolved out of the mechanistic nature of the Industrial Revolution and the Scientific method of experimentation. Structuralism attempted to discover the nature of consciousness into separate parts, and to ultimately discover the structure of consciousness. Wundt held the first academic course in psychology in 1862, and he set up the first experimental laboratory where he conducted a series of experiments to determine the dimensions of feeling and perception. Wundt help people to be able to break things down into groups for what he thought easier management . Wundt significance was that he was the first person to actually introduce the subject of psychology to others and get them involved ( uidaho.edu ). ...

15 Stock Characters †and How to Restock Them

15 Stock Characters - and How to Restock Them 15 Stock Characters and How to Restock Them 15 Stock Characters and How to Restock Them By Mark Nichol Does the cast of characters in your novel or short story fall under some of these categories? Take care that your characters don’t fall into the clichà © trap: If you find that they resemble one of the stereotypes below, reconsider your characterization or at least provide the dramatis persona with a distinguishing personality characteristic that’s a twist on the same old, same old. 1. Antihero: This character, a protagonist (typically seen in detective and adventure genres) whose personality flaws distinguish him or her from a standard hero, is inherently much more interesting than the upstanding counterpart. The key characteristic is usually misanthropy, but that’s not enough to round a character out. An antihero must have a solid foundation on which to stand. 2. Absent-minded professor: Perhaps Professor Fumblebuttons is just pretending to be a shock-haired scientist who can’t remember where he put his glasses (â€Å"Um, the glasses you’re wearing?†). What’s his motive for his deception? 3. Boy/girl next door: Is John or Mary really what he or she seems? What dark secret does that wholesome countenance conceal? This character easily pales in comparison with a complicated villain or sidekick, so make an extra effort to invest your protagonist with personality or relegate the squeaky-clean persona to a secondary role. 4. Clown/fool: Traditionally, the court jester often someone of fragile mental stability or feigning the same was the only person allowed to mock or question his powerful patron, and his antics involved not only lighthearted entertainment but also sometimes barbed satire or veiled criticism. A comic-relief character needs to be more than just a wisecracking or mischievous type. Perhaps he’s the omniscient narrator, or he’s pretending to be a smart-aleck to divert attention from his true purpose. 5. Damsel in distress: The helpless young maiden is one of the most tired tropes in storytelling and so is the helpless young maiden turned butt-kicking babe. Better yet, imbue your ingenue with the characteristics of another character type, either one on this list or another stock persona. 6. Everyman: The peril of presenting a character designed to represent everyone is that he will appeal to no one. Make sure your everyman (or everywoman, or boy or girl edition) possesses enough distinguishing characteristics to be interesting, even intriguing. Remember: Relentlessly virtuous characters are boring, and stories in which they have no real challenges fail to engage readers. 7. Femme fatale: The enduring appeal of the deceptive villainess is whether she is in fact aiding or thwarting the protagonist. It’s a balancing act to keep readers guessing to the very end of the story- and that may not be enough. What if your femme fatale is herself deceived, either by the protagonist or by a third character? Twists within twists keep this trope fresh. 8. Hooker with a heart of gold: The bad girl turned good girl is a nice repudiation of moral intolerance, but it’s a stale stereotype. As in the case of her sister the femme fatale, readers shouldn’t be able to predict how she will behave. Is a second-act act of kindness part of a climactic ruse? Is she pressured to betray the protagonist, or is it part of her own plot? 9. Knight-errant: This bright-eyed variant of the hero can drag down a story with him (or her) take care that the conscientious crusader is not too glistening of tooth and sparkling of eye. The most interesting knight-errant in literature is Don Quixote, who was an abject failure (and was all the more appealing for his indefatigable idealism). 10. Manic pixie dream girl: This phrase, coined relatively recently, refers to the offbeat and seemingly off-her-rocker character who upends the protagonist’s carefully ordered world. The problem? She’s done and overdone at least in films. For the stereotype to not be stale, there has to be more to her than quirk. Why is she such a goofball? 11. Nerd: Geek, dork, nimrod been there, done that. But, for example, in the brilliant film Brick (film noir meets adolescent angst), the school brain is not an object of scorn but an awkward, laconic human database for the teenage gumshoe and there’s a touch of empathy for him in the way the lead character keeps him at arm’s length. What makes a nerd a nerd? And what makes him (or her) interesting? Hints of depth, or of deviousness, or both. 12. Sidekick: The protagonist’s right-hand man or woman serves as a counterpoint: intrepid vs. timid, serious vs. silly, and so on, one way or the other. Make sure your lead character’s attendant complements him or her, but also keep their relationship fresh by introducing some vulnerability in the main character the subordinate can exploit. 13. Tomboy: The tomboy transformed is a tired trope, not much better than the mousy maiden who becomes a blithe beauty just by taking off her eyeglasses. Resist the urge to go the Cinderella route: If an androgynous or athletic woman or girl refuses to conform to societal standards for feminine appearance, go with it. But why does she rebel against such norms? That’s the key to her character. 14. Tortured artist: In literature as in real life, complicated creative types are tiresome. A broadly comic tortured artist may be an effective device, but the writer must handle this type with care. 15. Wise man: The scholarly mentor is a time-tested element of many classic stories (think Merlin, or Yoda), so any such character must possess distinct traits. Perhaps your story’s wise man is brilliant about some things but inept concerning others he needs his protà ©gà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s help in affairs of the heart, or, like the absent-minded professor, with whom he shares some characteristics, is a sage when it comes to intellectual areas but is at a loss when it comes to practical matters. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Email EtiquettePredicate Complements

Where do we want to be, how do we get there and when do we know we Essay

Where do we want to be, how do we get there and when do we know we have arrived(case studyof stora enso. www.storaenso.com) - Essay Example marketing logic by which the business unit hopes to achieve its marketing objectives.† A marketing strategy significantly involves â€Å"specific strategies for target markets, positioning, the marketing mix and the marketing expenditure levels (Kotler 2001).† Each of the areas of the marketing strategy should be crafted so as to complement each other. This paper will craft a marketing strategy for Stora Enso by understanding the company’s objectives. The first part will introduce Stora Enso by a brief corporate profile. In order to asses the efficient marketing strategies to be utilized, the next section will identify strategic marketing objectives using management tools after which specific strategies will be developed. The paper will then discuss the implementation plan of the strategy. This report will conclude with its specific findings and further recommendations. An appendix showing the company’s thrusts in sustainable operation and marketing is presented. Stora Enso is an international wood products company which is engaged in the provision of customer-focused solutions to industry and trade internationally. Stora Enso is basically a Finnish-Swedish pulp and paper manufacturer which was the product of the merger between Swedish mining and forestry products company Stora and Finish forestry products company Stora. The company’s broad product line ranges from sawn softwood to top-class multicolor printing paper. Stora Enso’s comprehensive selection includes publication papers, graphic products, office papers, packaging boards, specialty papers, pulp, timber, forest and other specialty products. The company currently employs 45, 000 employees and is recognized as the fifth largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of revenue (Wikipedia 2006). The starting point of crafting an efficient and appropriate strategy for Stora Enso is the formulation of the marketing strategic objectives that the company wants to achieve. It is after defining the

What is a petition for writ of habeus corpus Essay

What is a petition for writ of habeus corpus - Essay Example The Supreme Court also declared that Georgia’s death penalty was not constitutional. The huge publicity to the case helped eminent lawyers like Amsterdam to fight the case of Furman, who was poor and most importantly, black. Amsterdam was able to show that the judgment was biased and heavily discriminated because the defendant was not only poor but also black. He argued that the jury did not have any guidance regarding the death sentence and the verdict was random mainly based on the discriminatory practices of the individuals. Amsterdam said that jury often just listens to the evidence of guilt and decides if the defendant deserves to die. The same cases often have the same conviction. Most of the sentences of death penalty are of those who are black, poor, mentally ill or uneducated. The wealthy, white or mentally healthy people rarely get death sentence (Steins, 1995). Judge, Douglas had also declared that death penalty had targeted the unpopular segment of society and therefore was unconstitutional under Eighth

The Secret That Exploded :: essays research papers fc

The Secret that Exploded by Howard Morland   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Secret that Exploded† written by Howard Morland is a non-fiction book based on his findings on the H-bomb. Howard dedicated his life to finding out the secret of the H-bomb and releasing his findings to the public who have been in the dark since the beginnings of the Manhattan Project. The book goes through everything he went through from when he became an airforce pilot to him becoming involved in radical groups to him fighting the government in court for freedom of press. His book goes through everything he had to do to get the information he needed to find out the secret of the H-bomb. Howard felt that if â€Å"He would attack secrecy; if secrecy could be dismantled, then the opponents of nuclear weaponry would have a fighting chance. (pg.50)† He wanted to break down the secrecy of the government and give the radical groups that were against the bomb a chance to get there views heard around the U.S. and possibly bring a stop to the nuclear arms race. Howard thought that the â€Å"secret of the H-bomb could be the centerpiece of the secrecy structure and that if he could crack it he could bring down the whole secrecy structure.(pg.50)† This is what he wanted and he wanted all of the secrets that the government has been keeping from the public to be revealed so that the public could know what was going on and not be in the dark.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Howard knowing that finding the secret would be near impossible moved on in his journey and visited every major nuclear manufacturing sight in the U.S. that he knew about. On his journey he encountered problems with security. The government has bottled up the secret by giving security clearances to anyone who knew the secret. These people could not tell anyone anything that was deemed classified and they could get in very big trouble if they did. Howard had to get by this by asking questions that would bring back answers that wasn’t classified material but the information that he needed. Howard got so good at asking questions that he eventually put together all the information he found out from all of his sources and put together his version of the H-bomb. This version was so near accurate that the government wanted to classify it so that Howard could not publish it in the The Progressive magazine. Howard and The Progressive took the government to the Supreme court where the government dropped their case because the info that they wanted to contain had already leaked out to the public. Howard and The Progressive got what they wanted and earned

Overcrowding in America’s Prisons Essay

Abstract America’s prison system has become extremely overcrowded and managing it has become a job of staggering proportions. In 2001, there were 1.4 million men and women incarcerated in state and federal correctional institutions. This overcrowding has increased the cost to operate prisons at alarming rates. Due to a high recidivism rate, many experts believe that lack of rehabilitation has played a great role in this increase. One of the major reasons that prisons have become overcrowded is that crime control strategies and legislative changes have favored longer sentences. These approaches have taken several forms that, when combined, have incarcerated people for longer periods of time with less possibility for early release. Many factors such as new offenses, mandatory sentences, lengthening terms, and habitual offender laws, have added to prison overcrowding. Although an exact cost can not be associated with overcrowding, we can look at present costs incurred in prison and anticipate their increase as the system takes on more and more inmates. When looking at the cost of overcrowding, we not only have to look at the cost to taxpayers per inmate but also construction cost needed to build the new prisons to relieve the overcrowding. The operating cost for a prison over its life span cost about fifteen to twenty times the original construction cost. Overcrowding causes serious depravation in the quality of life for everyone in a correctional institution. Overcrowding may cause a number of problems such as emotional stress, increase in disciplinary infractions, and some physical health problems. Overcrowding also causes litigation forcing the federal and state prisons to build new facilities to relieve overcrowding. Rehabilitation has been around for many years and throughout those years the chance to study models good and bad have given us much research to work with in knowing which rehabilitation models work and which do not. Rehabilitation programs should change or modify the offender or help them to modify themselves, as well as changing or modifying life circumstances and social  opportunities. Some types of rehabilitation programs in use are mental health and counseling programs, educational programs, and substance abuse programs. The results of many studies are statistically aggregated and assessed as one sample an their findings showed that effective programs reduced the reentry rate by approximately 36.4 percent in 1998. Generally 25 to 35 percent of the experimental treatment programs studied achieved favorable results. With statistics like these, I feel we can reduce the number of repeat offenders through the use of effective rehabilitation programs. Overcrowding in America’s Prisons Can rehabilitation help lower the growing numbers of repeat offenders? With overcrowding, managing America’s prisons has become a job of staggering proportions. As of December 31, 2001. Over 1.4 million men and women were incarcerated in state and federal correctional institutions. Operating cost of U.S. prisons rose 224 percent between 1980 and 1994. The Federal Bureau of Prisons estimates that operating costs could grow $4.7 billion by 2006. Many factors have led tot this increase such as mandatory sentencing and recidivism of offenders. Many in the field believe that lack of rehabilitation training geared toward marketable skills, along with no treatment of substance abuse, have played a great role in this increase. One of the major reasons that prisons have become overcrowded is crime control strategies and legislative changes have favored longer sentences. These approaches have taken several forms that, when combined, have incarcerated more people for longer periods of time with less possibility for early release. There was a 22 percent increase in arrests from 1986 to 1997. Overcrowding has also created a problem with understaffing in the â€Å"job rich 1990’s†. However, as the crime rate increases and people become more frightened, the politician’s answer with â€Å"tougher sentencing legislation† and not rehabilitation. The desire to reform convicted offenders has a long history in policy and practice in the American correctional system. As early as the eighteenth century to the present, politicians, correctional professionals, religious leaders, scholars and prison inmates themselves have participated in an ongoing reform movement and experiments all designed to rehabilitate lawbreakers, towards being law-abiding, self supporting individuals. What I will look at in this paper is the overcrowding in today’s prison and some of the causes and costs of this overcrowding. I will define rehabilitation and what is has meant throughout history while exploring what options are available in today’s prisons and the effectiveness of those options. In conclusion, I will show that if we refocus the system on rehabilitation and not merely the warehousing of criminals; we could reduce the number of repeat offenders and relieve some of the overcrowding in America’s prisons. Overcrowding in the American prison system is a growing problem that we must tackle. The growth rate of the prison population since midyear 2002 was 3.8 percent that is 7.6 percent annually. The tremendous increase in the prison population has resulted in continuous overcrowding the last two decades. Neither prison construction not the availability of bed space to accommodate the growing prison population has kept pace. As state above, changes in sentencing legislation and crime control have played a major role in prison overcrowding. This is obvious because of the number of commitments to prison has grown disproportionately greater than increases in population, the number of crimes and the number of arrests or the number of convictions. To better understand how these changes have played such a major role in overcrowding we must look at changes that have occurred in most states. One change is the creation of many new offenses that can result in prison terms or the revocation of probation or parole, sending offenders from the community back to prison. Some examples would be the newly created laws against stalking, as well as laws that make it a felony to intentionally transmit Aids. There have also been new rulings regarding penalties that now make prison terms mandatory for some offenses not previously associated with incarceration, such as DWI or DUI and certain drug convictions. Judges can no longer use discretion in deciding which punishment the offender should receive. A finding of guilty mean that incarceration for a set term is automatic. These same laws prohibit probation for certain offenders. An example is in California, legislation has restricted or eliminated the possibility of probation for arson, specific sex offenses, not limited to child molestation and residential burglary. Most states have lengthened prison terms associated with some convictions, particularly if certain weapons (aggravated crimes), or types of victims (children, elderly, handicapped) were involved, or if certain quantitative amounts of drugs were present. These â€Å"special circumstances† are said to enhance the seriousness of the crime. We have also seen many laws directed toward repeat offenders, with the passage of the habitual felon laws in which life sentences are possible for offenders convicted for a third time of a similar felony. Previously, only the maximum sentence allowed for that particular felony was permitted. The life sentence is a cumulative punishment for what the courts have called a â€Å"criminal career†. Many modifications and alterations were made for other sentences as well. For example, felons may be given sentences of life in prison without parole. Previously, all prisoners, after a designated time, became eligible for parole, regardless of whether or not they were actually granted the release. Many modifications of existing parole eligibility requirement force offenders to serve more time before becoming eligible for parole. Alterations to the â€Å"good time† statues have occurred letting prisoners accumulate less time for good behavior and thus taking longer to acquire credits toward parole eligibility or discharge of the sentence. Although exact cost associated with overcrowding cannot be determined, we can look at present expenses incurred by prison and anticipate the increases as  the system takes on more and more inmates. Currently, taxpayers spend between $30,000 to $50,000 per inmate per year to maintain the state and federal correctional systems. That includes the operating costs and the cost of new construction. Depending on the level of security and the geographic region of the United States, it can cost anywhere from $30,000 to $130,000 to build each new bed space. The cost range was around $56,000 in 1992. Four out of five capital outlay dollars in construction, however, go for building expenses other than the housing area itself. Construction costs are only the down payment of a prison’s total cost to society. The Federal Bureau of Prisons explains the operating cost for a prison over its practical life span at about fifteen to twenty times the original construction cost. Cost per inmate per day varies from state to state, and within each state from prison unit to prison unit. The units with greater security or larger amounts of medical and psychiatric treatment services will, of course, be more expensive to build and operate. Personnel is the major operating expense, usually accounting for an average of 75 percent of an agency’s total operating budget. The results of overcrowding are serious deprivation in the quality of life for everyone in a correctional institution. Even though we have build hundreds of new prisons and expanded facilities in the last ten years, the average amount of space per inmate has decreased over 10 percent. Stretching resources beyond their capacity is something the courts watch carefully when monitoring prison conditions. Overcrowding may be measured in shortages of basic necessities, such as space, sheets, hot water, clothing and food. Vocational, educational, and recreational programs may become seriously overloaded. Medical services and supplies may be insufficient, thereby posing health risks. Throughout the total system, high inmate to staff ratios lead to poor supervision and scheduling difficulties, which result in less inmate activity and greater safety risks for both the employee and the prisoner. The nature of a crowded environment itself may have serious effect on the health and well being of inmates. Noise and the lack of privacy associated with crowding may contribute to emotional stress and the development of mental health problems. Studies have shown that crowding may increase the number of disciplinary infractions per inmate. Inmates in densely populated units may suffer from higher blood pressure. It has also been concluded that, as density of the population increases, so does the rate of mortality in inmates over the age of forty-five (Paulus 1988). Common conditions such as the spreading of colds, sexually transmitted diseases, and other infectious diseases are increased in overcrowded areas. Many studies have claimed the rate of psychiatric commitments and suicides reveal increases for inmate in crowded living areas. Research has also linked higher subsequent rates of criminal behavior to inmates from institutions that were overcrowded. Increases in violence, particularly staff and inmate assaults, are associated with overcrowded conditions as well. It is argued that living too close together heightens tempers and aggression, leading most likely to confrontations. The nation’s courts are sentencing and admitting more offenders in America’s prisons than the facilities can hold. The Government Accounting Office reported for fiscal year 1992-1993, twenty-five state correctional systems requested funds for eighty-five new facilities that would add over fifty-six thousand new prison beds. Texas alone asked for $600 million to finance the construction of twenty-five thousand new beds. The American Correctional Association guidelines call for a standard cell area of sixty square feet for inmates spending no more than ten hours per day in their cell. In many prisons, inmates are double bunked in cells designed for one or sleep on mattresses in unheated prison gyms or on the floors of dayrooms, halls or basements. Some are housed in tents, other sleep in the same bunk different times of the day. Many taxpayers do not consider overcrowding a problem because they believe that discomfort should be a part of the punishment. Research has only recently begun to explore the effects of crowding beyond those on individual inmates, groups of inmates and the programs and services they receive. Information is still needed on the effect crowding has on the  staff, on the management strategies, on budgeting and government responses, on facility and equipment durability, and on the cost of operations under various strategies to reduce overcrowding. In 1996, nearly half (48.4 percent) of the respondents surveyed by the Survey Research Program (College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University) thought that the most important goal of prison should be rehabilitation, while only 14.6 percent saw punishment as the most important goal of prison. One third thought that crime prevention/deterrence was the most important goal of prisons. Throughout most of American history correctional policy makers have positioned rehabilitation among the most important correctional goals. Treatment has appeared in many forms and clearly many ideas have proven ultimately to be unfounded. The earliest institutional treatment models, for example, place heavy reliance on the qualities of institutional life combined with spiritual contemplation as a source of individual reformation. The earliest penal facilities were founded under a Quaker influence supported either solitary confinement or a congregate model that imposed total silence upon its prisoners. It was assumed that in both systems would be isolated from the evil influences and subject to strong discipline. The outcome they believed would be a responsible citizen who had seen the error of their ways. More realistically, the practice of solitary confinement produced many instances of mental illness before its use was abandoned. Historians have referred to this period as a time in which harshness was too quickly assumed to be discipline, an abusive discipline that did more to breaks spirits rather than reform them. A more positive approach was introduced shortly after the Civil War and put into practice in 1876 at the Elmira Reformatory for youthful offenders in New York. That program used ideas that we recognize today a related to operant conditioning. Borrowing from earlier Australian reforms, know as the â€Å"mark†, system reformers planned a model in which inmates could earn transfers to less secure prisons and ultimately their release through good behavior and work performance. The reformatory system is known for the  contemporary introduction of the indeterminate sentence and post-release supervision or parole. This afforded the correctional professionals the opportunity to predicate a release decision based upon an inmate’s satisfactory rehabilitation. The Elmira Reformatory, and other built shortly after in other states, can be recognized for their educational and other programs designed to facilitate change instead of passively waiting for inmates to see the need for c hange. More intensive efforts appeared from 1900 to 1920, when progressive reformers seized upon the new clinical approaches offered by social and psychological sciences. The social wisdom of the day encouraged public education and the belief that social ills, including crime, could be prevented. Science, particularly social, medical and psychological sciences, also asserted that causes could be identified, diagnosed, and ultimately treated. The field of criminology during those years was characterized by the work of the positivists, researchers who found the roots of crime to be in biological traits and psychological ills, rather than in the rational choices made by offenders. The criminals, in other words, were ill. These progressive reformers sought to first diagnose the cause of crime and then treat them. They envisioned prisons like hospitals and diagnostic centers. Perhaps the greatest impact the progressive reformers had was in the development of a less adversarial and more rehabilitative ideology. While more treatment staff was later added, prisons did not become hospitals; maybe because public investment in treatment was never sufficiently achieved. Nevertheless, the goals of individualized treatment, classification, and community corrections, and substitution of humane, reform oriented programs of punishment dominated correctional policy throughout the first half of the twentieth century as rehabilitation enjoyed unchallenged status until mid-century as the correctional priority. Rehabilitation was also helped by two presidential crime commissions and resulting legislation that provided state and federal seed money for many new crime prevention and treatment initiatives. These promotions, however, were short lived. Conservatives were lamenting a high crime rate and asserting that deterrence and incapacitation, the â€Å"get tough† approaches to  crime, were more effective. In the mid 1970’s a review of the treatment evaluation literature by Robert Martinson (1974) concluded that rehabilitation had achieved â€Å"no appreciable effect on recidivism†. The Martinson report was indeed supportive of the subsequent swing to a far more conservative crime agenda. Over the next twenty years there was a move away from indeterminate sentencing toward determinate or presumptive sentencing models or guidelines. A drop in available money for new demonstration programs and cuts in many existing correctional treatment budgets only added to the conserva tive appeal. American prisons became frightfully overcrowded growing by 168 percent from 1980 to 1991 largely on the political promises to â€Å"get tough† on crime. However, correction agencies did not totally give up on rehabilitation. A growing drug problem required new strategies for dealing with drug and alcohol addictions. Treatment research and evaluation efforts continued and began to show more favorable results. While current use of treatment and rehabilitation technology is not what it should be in actual practice, most rehabilitation scholars conclude that a good deal has been learned over the past decades about specific strategies that work. Rehabilitation is synonymous with interventions or treatment. Sometimes rehabilitation might more accurately be called â€Å"habilitation†. â€Å"Habilitation†, in this sense refers to the offender whose behavior is the result of not having received the skills or personal qualities needed to live a life free from crime. The Palmer Model (1992) is a rehabilitation program model, which has shown favorable results. Whether speaking of rehabilitation, habilitation, intervention services, or treatment we are referring to distinct, correctional programs that a) change or modify the offender or help them modify themselves or b) change or modify life circumstances and improve social opportunities. Such methods should utilize, develop or redirect the powers and mechanisms of the individual’s mind and body in order to enhance the ability to cope and grow. Palmer excludes from his definition any correctional options that try to reduce, physically traumatize, disorganize or devastate the mind or body by means such as dismemberment or electroshock techniques. He includes measures that try to  affect the individual’s future behavior, attitudes toward self, and interactions with other by focusing on such factors and conditions as the individual’s adjustment techniques, interest, skills, personal limitations and/or life circumstances. Often correctional options are put forward as measures toward reducing future crime, while most options offer no real plan to change targeted criminal behavior. Halfway houses by themselves do not constitute treatment unless there is a treatment program in place. The distinction between treatment, control and custody may be a confusing one for policy makers and others, because one seldom hears of new correctional options put forward without some promise, to either solve the crime problem, or reform the offenders. Boot camps, for example, have been touted as short-term treatment programs for first time offenders, particularly drug offenders. But the military regimen has little basis in any treatment model, and often no interventions are specifically targeted to the drug problem. In the same fashion, intermediate sanctions such as intensive probation, house arrests, and electronic monitoring serve a custody and control function rather than one of treatment. There are many types of correctional rehabilitation programs. Rehabilitation may occur in mental health and substance abuse, educational or vocational programs. Some might also include spiritual programs, although there is very little research devoted to religious programs used for rehabilitation. Mental health programs comprise a wide array of strategies. In rare cases, an institution may provide in-depth psychotherapy for seriously troubled inmates. Such approaches would deal with internalized conflicts, anxieties, phobias, depression, uncontrollable anger, neurosis and other serious mental health problems. Many factors such as early abuse, trauma, abandonment or dysfunctional family like could cause these problems. Strategies known as â€Å"here and now† treatment models are however far more common approaches to treating or counseling prison inmates. As the names suggests â€Å"here and now† programs assist clients in dealing with  current issues in their lives, such as how poor attitudes might influence work performance. â€Å"Here and now† strategies include behavioral programs, social learning approaches and cognitive therapies. The â€Å"here and now† approach is preferred for a number of reasons. One is cost; much less the in-depth psychotherapy and does not require the use of highly skilled clinicians. Correctional personnel holding a bachelor’s or a master’s degree can be trained to use Reality Therapy and behavioral approaches. Also â€Å"here and now† strategies are more apt to deal with observable behavior that with the more abstract, subconscious processes that are the subject of psychoanalysis. Finally, â€Å"here and now† strategies work well in-group settings. In fact, most treatment approaches in the corrections area are group-counseling programs, necessitated by the large prison population and the limited resources. This is not necessarily a disadvantage, because group treatments offer more than just money savings. Group cohesiveness and peer influence can be vehicles for change in themselves. One other thing is group approaches afford an opportunity for social interaction that cannot take place in individual counseling situations. Education and competence of prison inmates speaks strongly of the need for prison educational programs. In 1984 a staggering forty-two percent of the incarcerated adult population functioned below a sixth grade academic level. Over half of the inmate population appears to lack basic reading skills. Many would qualify for special educational programs, especially those for the learning disabled. Even with these tragic statistics and the fact that academic and vocational education has long been identified as an important goal of correctional agencies and correctional professional organizations, the status of educational programs in American prisons is not a commendable one. Adult populations are largely under-served and program effectiveness is questionable. The most common programs in today’s prison are those that address academic deficiencies. Adult basic literacy programs or Adult Basic Education programs for example promote literacy and address the basic academic  deficiencies. Such programs can be self-paced and require the use of programmed materials rather than classroom instruction, thus are cost efficient by using outside volunteers and other inmates to facilitate instruction. General Education Diploma (GED) classes are available in most adult correctional settings. Participation in these programs for adults is usually voluntary and part time. Both the GED and the basic education programs are sometimes criticized for their failure to stress important like skills and competencies. GED for example is said to be a test-driven model used to certify rather than to educate. This criticism extends to other areas of prison education. Vocational education programs are faulted for their failure to teach inmates marketable job skills; those that would prepare inmates to enter the work force. Many of today’s fields have become much more technical in recent years, and the correctional agencies cannot afford to keep up. These advances and the machinery needed to train inmates in their applications is cost prohibited. Women’s programs are also criticized for emphasizing traditional women’s jobs, which usually equate to lower pay. Many of the women prisoners are single mothers with a real need for higher paying non-traditional jobs. Finally, careers that require licenses or apprenticeships are not well suited to prison, because prison terms are often too short to meet a typical apprenticeship period. By 1978, the federal prison system was operating thirty-three drug treatment units. Although many programs today have been severely limited by budget cuts, attempts have been made to involve not only those inmates under court order to receive treatment but also those who volunteer for treatment. Still, only eleven percent of federal inmates are involved in drug abuse programs. A survey of 277 prison facilities in 1991 determined that about one-third of all inmates participated in some type of drug treatment program. Most had been involved in-group counseling; others were in self-help programs, and some received in-patient services. In prison most common program formats are group therapy, self-help, and drug education programs. Education programs can be offered in short segments, and  reach large audiences for a lower cost. But these programs have been criticized for using scare tactics or for not acknowledging the realities that make drug use attractive to those with troubled lives. Drug education is most effective on a very young population who has not yet used drugs, and this profile does not describe most incarcerated offenders. One of the biggest criticisms of prison treatment programs is that they offer fewer services for shorter periods of time than those of outside programs. Outside programs are more likely to involve family and to provide follow up referral as well as components for instance as job counseling, education, and vocational training. When paroled, continued drug use many result in re-incarceration. In 1990 drug related parole violations in California accounted for thirty-two percent of returns to prison. Several studies have linked substance abuse treatment while incarcerated with later success on parole. Unfortunately many programs do not follow up on their participants to evaluate their success. Four programs that have had a relatively low rate of recidivism were reviewed in 1989. The shared characteristics included offering a wide range of activities, teaching practical life skills, using nontraditional correctional employees who were realistic about the program goals, and formal and informal follow up with participants after release. Spending more time in treatment also appeared to be related to lower arrest rates and successful completion of parole. Recent correctional history shows us that treatment endeavors can be toppled quickly by those who question their effectiveness. When these doubts are voiced in the context of an unfavorable political climate, the results can be devastating. Yet one favorable outcome of the discouraging setbacks to correctional rehabilitation has been approximately two decades of research designed to check the accuracy of the unfavorable reviews. Clearly the most valuable contribution to our knowledge in this area comes from the advent of meta-analyses, in which the results of many studies are statistically aggregated and assessed as one sample. Across these studies, findings typically show that effective programs reduced recidivism rates by  approximately twenty percent. Generally, 25 to 35 percent of the experimental treatment programs studied achieved positive results. The meta-analyses, along with several extensive reviews of the literature, also identify the treatments most likely to succeed. These include behavioral, cognitive behavioral, life skills, family intervention and some multi-modal approaches. The meta-analyses also show us that the treatment modality is only one of the factors that differentiate a successful intervention from an unsuccessful one. Programmatic characteristics also have an impact. These characteristics include: 1. Whether the program is well matched to its clients. 2. Dosage, or how much of an intervention is received. 3. Therapeutic integrity. 4. Administrative management style. 5. Provision of a relapse prevention component. 6. Whether the program was designed according to theoretical model. In an unfavorable, punishment-focused political climate, the relative success of rehabilitation appears to go unnoticed. Politicians quell the public’s fear of crime with promises of yet stricter incarceration policies, more police officers, and occasional digressions into the latest correctional fad. Sadly, the singular focus on punishment is not purely representative of public sentiment. While it is true that the public favors â€Å"get tough† policies, support for rehabilitation is also strong. A series of surveys conducted on the past decade show that indeed the public is punishment oriented, but, the surveys also clearly show the public experts treatment-oriented programs to accompany incarceration. In other words, â€Å"Get tough on crime† does not mean â€Å"to warehouse† or to ignore treatment and  education. As we continue in this new millennium we must make some important choices about what we want our prison system to be. It is clear to me that we can no longer sit back and continue to let our prisons mainly be â€Å"warehouses† for keeping those individuals whose problems we choose not to recognize or treat. The reduction in the recidivism rate by twenty percent when effective programs are used is reason enough for the American public to demand that rehabilitation become more of a focused priority to prison officials as well as politicians and also a priority with the politicians. We are incarcerating large numbers of people who actually have a disease, since most experts consider substance abuse a disease and not criminal behavior. Until we concentrate on curing the problems of society that cause most of these criminals to adopt behavior that they are being punished for, we will continue to see a rise in the numbers incarcerated. I believe rehabilitation can lower the number of repeat offenders if we are willing to redirect the focus of our prisons. It will not be easy and it will not be cheap; but it will be worth it for the good of society as a whole. Rehabilitation of criminals can be greatly improved, and the successful measurement documented by implementing a very old but successful scientific theory of â€Å"cause and effect†. Work Cited Begun, Abbey M. B.A. ed., Jacobs, M.A. ed., Quiram, Jacquelyn F. B.A. ed. Prisons and Jails a Deterrent to Crime? Information Plus 1999 ed. Davis, Bertha. Instead of Prison. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Franklin Watts publishing 1986. Lacayo, Richard, â€Å"Law and Order, Crime rates are down across the U.S.-Some dramatically. Is this a blip or a Trend? With so many factors in play, it may be a bit of both. 15 January, 1996 Volume 147, No. 3 (http://www.time.com/time/mag/†¦e/1996/dom/960115/cover.html) McShane, Marilyn. D. ed., Williams III, Frank P. ed. Encyclopedia of American Prisons. New York and London, Garland Publishing,Inc., 1996 Menninger, Karl. The Crime of Punishment. New York, Viking Press, 1968 Oliver, Marilyn Tower. Prisons, Today’s Debate. New Jersey, Enslow Publishing, 1997 United States. Federal Bureau of Prisons. Inmate Programs and Services. (http://www,bop.gov) United States. Prison Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics Prison Statistics (http://www/ojp.usdoj-gov/bjs/prison.htm)

What were the 3 Jim Crow laws - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1055 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Jim Crow Laws Essay Did you like this example? Jim Crow was not a real man he was a personal theater character by Thomas D. Rice and an ethnic deprivation in accordance with contemporary white ideas of African American and their culture. Imparted by white democrat dominated state legislators after the reconstruction period in the late 19th centuries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What were the 3 Jim Crow laws?" essay for you Create order He was a black character that was played by a white man named Thomas D.Rice which was a white man. It was of a racial segregation in the Southern United States. The play was called Jumped Jim Crow!! Therefore, Jim Crow came about because of a fictional character, however, the impact it had on African Americans was far from fictional as these became laws that governed African Americans. Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by conservative white Democrats-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period, the laws were enforced until 1965(www.history.com).The legal principle of separate, but equal racial segregation was extended to public facilities and transportation, including the coaches of interstate trains and buses. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded, compared to the facilities for white Americans; sometimes there were no black facilities(www.history.com). As a body of law, Jim Crow institutionalized economic, educational, and social disadvantages for African Americans. Legalized racial segregation principally existed in the Southern states, while Northern racial segregation generally was a matter of fact enforced in housing with private covenants in leases, bank lending-practices, and employm ent-preference discrimination, including labor-union practices(www. history.com). From the 1870s, Southern state legislators, no longer controlled by carpetbaggers and freedmen, passed laws requiring the separating in public transportation and schools. Generally, anyone of ascertainable or strongly suspected black ancestry in any degree was for that purpose a person of colour; the pre-civil War distinction favouring those whose ancestry was known to be mixedparticularly the half-French free persons of colour in Louisianawas abandoned. The segregation principle was extended to parks, cemeteries, theatres, and restaurants in an effort to prevent any contact between blacks and whites as equals. In the South United States, Jim Crow laws and legal racial segregation in public facilities existed from the late 19th century into the 1950s. The civil rights movement was initiated by Southern blacks in the 1950s and 60s to break the prevailing pattern of segregation. In 1954, in its Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 decision justification of separate but equal facilities. It declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional. In the years following, subsequent decisions struck down similar kinds of Jim Crow legislation. Jim Crow laws were any of enforced racial segregation in the American South between the end of Reconstitution in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s. In its Plessy v. Ferguson decision in 1896. The U.S. Supreme court ruled that separate but equal facilities for African American did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, ignoring evidence that the blacks were inferior to those intended to whites. Jim Crow laws sometimes, as in Florida, part of state constitutions mandated the segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. The U.S. military was already segregated. President Woodrow Wilson, a Southern Democrat, initiated segregation of federal workplaces at the request of southern Cabinet members in 1913.These Jim Crow laws revived principles of the 1865 and 1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liber ties of African Americans. Segregation of public (state-sponsored) schools was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education. In some states it took years to implement this decision. Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but years of action and court challenges have been needed to unravel the many means of institutional discrimination. An African-American man drinking at a colored drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1939 The Jim Crow laws and the high rate of lynchings in the South were major factors which led to the Great Migration during the first half of the 20th century. Because opportunities were so limited in the South, African Americans moved in great numbers to cities in Northeastern, Midwestern, and Western states to seek better lives. Despite the hardship and prejudice of the Jim Crow era, several black entertainers and literary figures gained broad popularity with white audiences in the early 20th century. They included luminaries such as tap dancers Bill Bojangles Robinson and the Nicholas Brothers, jazz musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Count Basie, and the actress Hattie McDaniel (in 1939 she was the first black to receive an Academy Award when she won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her performance as Mammy in Gone with the Wind)(www.history.com). African American athletes struggled in life because all of the negativity during the Jim Crow period. White opposition led to their exclusion from most organized sporting competitions.The boxers Jack Johnson and Joe Louis (both of whom became world heavyweight boxing champions) and track and field athlete Jesse Owens (who won four gold medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin) earned fame during this era. In baseball, a color line inst ituted in the 1880s had informally barred blacks from playing in the major leagues, leading to the development of the Negro Leagues, which featured many fine layers(www.history.com). A major breakthrough happened when Jackie Robinson was hired as the first African American to play major league baseball ; he permanently broke the color bar. Baseball teams continued to integrate in the following years, leading to the full participation of black baseball players in the Major Leagues in the 1960s(www.history.com). There was a color change between blacks and whites when on of his teammates put there arm around Robinson during the game and stood there and watched the crowd call them names till they finally relized that blacks and whites we the same just different skin color. So therefor Jim Crow was a big break through with African American life styles and for pro sports.